Ilona Katzew, "New World Orders: Casta Painting and Colonial Latin America",
Americas Society Art Gallery, New York, 1996, Plate 14: Españ × Albina; Tornâtras, p. 81

To the reader: please do not take offense at the terminology below. This terminology is clearly racist, and should be insulting to many, many people. This terminology is here as it is a record of how people were viewed.

Aside from terminology, members of each "casta" were more or less distinguishable by their dress. Sumptuary laws specified dress that would be illigal for members of specific castas to wear. Other ways in which the castas were distinguished were as follows: ¹

• "The viceroy of Peru during the eighteenth century received visitors in two rooms, one for whites, another for Indians and mixed-bloods"
• "... the whites went to mass in the cathedral, the pardos to another church, and the Negroes to a third." Note: The use of different churches by different "castas" may be seen in the Brazilian film Xica da Silva.
• "... the elementary school in Buenos aires was strictly discriminatory. The teacher should teach only white and Indian children to read and write, whereas mestizos and mulattoes should be instructed only in Christian dogma, and the groups were to be kept apart when the teacher brought them to public functions."
• cofradías (religious brotherhoods) and consulados, and universities, guilds, etc. were also limited to specific castas.

Parents	Offspring
Spaniard × Negro	mulato
mulato × Indian	chino grifo 2
Negro × Indian	lobo, or sambayo
Spaniard × Indian	mestizo
Spaniard × mestizo	castizo or albino
Spaniard × castizo	Spaniard
Spaniard × mulato	morisco 3
Spaniard × morisco 3 or an albino	salta atrás 4
Spaniard × salta atrás	tente in el aire 5
Indian × lobo	chino cambujo
Indian × mestizo	coyote
Indian × coyote	Indian
Indian × chino	albarazado
Indian × mulato	lobo
Spaniard × morsico 3	albino

¹   Magnus Mörner, "Race Mixture in the History of Latin America", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, pp. 62-63.

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²   While "Chino" was often used as a simple casta label, since Nueva Espana included the Phillipines, it was sometimes also used for people who had derived from the Phillipines or even China, especially when Chinese were brought in to create the beginnings of a silk industry using the support of the Jesuit galleon trade between Manila and San Blás and Acapulco. Also, see María Elena Martínez, "Genealogical Fictions: Limpieza de Sangre, Religion, and Gender in Colonial Mexico", Stanford U. P., 2008, p. 342, footnote 97. Also, a chino grifo is a frizzly-headed chino; a chino cambujo means a very swarthy (dark-complexioned) chino. See See Pedro Alonso O'Crouley (Sean Galvin, trans.), "A Description of The Kingdom of New Spain, 1774", John Howell, 1972, p. 19, footnote 1. Also, the term "Japoneses" and "Indios chinos" were used (Magnus Mörner, "Race Mixture in the History of Latin America", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, p. 66, footnote 50).

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³   "A royal decree in 1700 prohibited the use of this term [morisco] to avoid confusion with the identical Spanish word for 'converted Moor'." See Magnus Mörner, "Race Mixture in the History of Latin America", Little, Brown and Company, Boston, p. 58, footnote 21.

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⁴   "Salta atrás" means a "jump backward", away from from Spanish "blood". See Pedro Alonso O'Crouley (Sean Galvin, trans.), "A Description of The Kingdom of New Spain, 1774", John Howell, 1972, p. 19, footnote 2.

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⁵   "Tente en el aire" means "very much in the air" or of dubious standing. See Pedro Alonso O'Crouley (Sean Galvin, trans.), "A Description of The Kingdom of New Spain, 1774", John Howell, 1972, p. 19, footnote 3.